list of positive ions - Here is a list of common +1, +2, +3, +4 cations in chemistry

Positive ions, also known as cations, are atoms or molecules that have lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive electrical charge. Because they've lost negatively charged electrons, the number of protons (positive charges) in their nucleus exceeds the number of electrons orbiting it. Common examples include:

Negative ions, also known as anions, are atoms or molecules that have gained one or more electrons, resulting in a net negative electrical charge. With extra negatively charged electrons, they have more electrons than protons. Common examples include:

These charged particles are fundamental to many chemical and biological processes, including the formation of ionic compounds, the conduction of electricity in solutions, and nerve impulses in living organisms. The attraction between oppositely charged ions is what drives the formation of ionic bonds.

+1ions

Here is a list of common +1 ions (cations with a single positive charge):

(Note: This is a diatomic ion, consisting of two mercury atoms with an overall +2 charge, so each mercury atom effectively has a +1 charge.)

+2 ions

Here is a list of common +2 ions (cations with a double positive charge), also known as divalent cations:

Note: Some elements, particularly transition metals, can form ions with multiple charges (variable valency). For these, Roman numerals are used in their names (e.g., Iron(II) to distinguish it from Iron(III),